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Diamond
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Aluminum
Rhodium Nucleus
Arsenic
Theoretical Background To
The Lattice Nested Hydreno Atomic Model
(Sample Portions From The eBook)
Regarding Zero-Point Energy
It is a peculiar prediction of Quantum field theory that the vacuum of space, generally perceived to be an empty void, is in fact full of a random flux of electromagnetic waves that theoretically includes all frequencies ranging up to the incredibly high Planck frequency at 1043 cycles/sec with a wave length of 10-35 m. To help put this in perspective, very little is presently known of the EM spectrum above cosmic rays at 1022 Hz, implying that virtually nothing is known about the vast range of the spectrum. Add to this the fact, that the energy per photon pulse is directly proportional to the frequency and one can begin to realize the astronomical energy potential of the vacuum....
This all pervasive, “dark” energy of space, frequently referred to as the Zero-Point Energy (ZPE) of the Vacuum Fluctuations, is an important but frequently ignored aspect of Quantum mechanics. It must be accounted for in the math, but is still generally dismissed as an odd artifact of the theory, rather than a real phenomenon. Advanced quantum theorists such as Boyer[14] have recently entertained the idea that this stochastic bombardment of the ZPE radiation is responsible for the quantum “jitter” or Zietterbewegung, of all atoms that persists at absolute zero where classical physics would tell us that no such motion should occur....
Remarkably, when one considers the accumulated minuscule energies at all discreet frequencies, directions and polarities passing through even a small volume of space, it has been estimated by the likes of Nobel Laureate, R. Feynman that the energy density actually exceeds that of the nucleus by no slight margin. Even discounting such dramatic hyperbola one is still left to wonder how we could possibly exist in this seething sea of universal energy and not even be aware of it. Trying to take measurements of the ZPE has been likened to attempting to weigh a beaker of water while the entire lab is submerged. The only existing method of detection requires a localized coherence of this otherwise homogenous energy....
Regarding The Casimir Effect
The Casimir effect was first theorized in 1948 in a thought experiment proposed by H. B. Casimir, based in large part on Max Planck’s Quantum theory and the reality of the ZPF. He reasoned that two conductive or dielectric plates brought sufficiently close together will be forced together due to the wave-particle nature of EM radiation, which imparts a small impulse force when reflected or absorbed. The narrow space between the plates shields out the longer wavelengths while the entire ZPF spectrum continues to impinge on the outside surfaces creating an imbalanced force, driving the plates together. Dr. Milonni[15] of Los Alamos Laboratories has recently provided a detailed interpretation of the Casimir effect in terms of this net radiation pressure from the vacuum....
The direct measurement of the Casimir force ( Fc=p2hcA/240d4 ) has been performed on several occasions, first by Sparnaay in 1958 and most recently in 1998 by Mohideen[16]. Using an atomic force microscope, Mohideen’s measurements where found to be within 1% of Casimir’s theoretical prediction. One will note that this force increases very rapidly in proportion to the inverse of the forth power of the distance between the plates. Decreasing the spacing by a factor of 10, increases the force by a factor of 10,000. The detectable onset occurs at a rather miniscule plate separation of roughly 1 micron....
A Simple extrapolation of this force down to the separation distance of bonded atoms in the range of 10-9 to 10-10 m yields an astounding Casimir pressure of 106 to 1010 kPa, providing values tantalizing close to the ultimate strength of many metals and Young’s modulus. This would not appear to be a coincidence, providing a far more logical and intuitive mechanism for atomic and molecular bonds. Extrapolating even further to the dimension of bonded nucleons, generally conceded to be in the order of 10-15 m, (to be contested) yields an astronomical radiation pressure of 1030 kPa, which seems rather absurd but certainly sufficient to hold the nucleus together against the coulomb repulsion of the protons....
Regarding Sonoluminescence
The emerging field of Sonoluminescence deals with the production of mysterious high intensity, pico frequency light pulses which are known to accompany the collapse of cavitation bubbles driven by ultrasonic waves in a dielectric fluid such as water. The source of these high-energy pulses which can vaporize metal with temperatures exceeding 106 °K are not adequately explained by conventional thermodynamics. World renowned physicist, J. Schwinger[18] of UCLA, has suggested that the effect is due to a coherence of ZPE from the active vacuum. This process of cavitation bubble collapse appears in fact to be a special case of the Casimir effect. The dielectric bubble simply replaces the metal plates of Casimir’s original thought experiment....
The net result of the ZPF in this case is directed radially inward, and as the bubble collapses in response to this force, more and more vacuum frequencies are excluded from the shrinking resonant micro-cavity, causing the net imbalance of radiation pressure to rapidly escalate, culminating in a high energy impact of the bubble wall as it collapses on itself. This action yields intense bursts of energy emanating from a radial, implosive coherence of the random energy of the vacuum. The Sonofusion process just recently reported at ORNL utilizes sonoluminescence to fuse deuterium dissolved in acetone. The familiar, but very mysterious phenomenon of cavitation, which can very quickly destroy stainless steel pump impellers, can likewise be accounted for as a minor coherence of ZPE that literally melts the metal....
Regarding Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics
Microscopic cavities also appear to play a major role in many low energy induced fusion reactions and by implication are an important factor in the stability of the atom. It is for instance well established within the field of Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) that the spontaneous emission of an excited atom, once thought to be an immutable property, can be prevented from returning to its ground state by surrounding it with a microscopic, metallic cavity, only a few microns wide. Atoms have been sustained in an excited state for very extended periods of time because they can neither radiate, nor receive certain wavelengths from the seething vacuum flux. As is the case with the Casimir effect, the longer wavelengths cannot exist inside the cavity....
Puthoff[20] and Tewari[21] as well as others have suggested that it is the energy input from the vacuum that actually sustains the electrons orbit. The electron, presumed to be a charged particle in accelerated motion, should radiate its energy away, and collapse onto the nucleus according to basic EM theory. This obvious fact was simply ignored by Bohr, as clearly stated in his postulates, and rather blindly adopted in Quantum mechanics. Making the cavity small enough and of a very definitive size corresponding to critical wavelengths of the vacuum ZPE can also greatly reduce the spontaneous emission time, actually encouraging collapse of the electron orbital to a fractional quantum, harmonic state below the normal ground state....
Ever smaller “plates” and cavities, could by extrapolation to the atomic and nuclear scale, conceivably include systems composed of individual atoms, nuclei and even sub atomic particles implying the ability to alter other spontaneous processes of the atom. Conceivably, this could include fission, nuclear decay and all of their related radiation phenomena, not to mention shedding much light on the actual mechanisms of bonding from the molecular to the sub-nuclear level....
Regarding High Density Charge Clusters
Dr. Puthoff’s group has been studying Condensed Charge phenomenon for over 20 years. This work deals primarily with the production and behavior of what is referred to as an Electron Valudum (large electron) or EV’s. An EV is a condensed cluster of electrons ~1 micron in diameter, consisting of up to 1011 electrons, generally formed by high voltage discharge plasmas above a certain critical electron flux density. An EV is essentially a peculiar form of condensed matter implying some rather enigmatic properties of the electron. Its existence of course runs contrary to logic, in that mutual coulomb repulsion should theoretically prevent its formation, yet it is very easy to produce, and would have to be regarded as a natural phenomenon.....
During the development of the electron beam weapons of the “Star Wars” program, Engineers encountered problems with beam collapse, rather than the anticipated problem of diffusion; entirely contrary to their logical expectations, but in complete agreement with Puthoff’s prediction. Invariably, EV’s also contain a relatively small number of positive Ions that can be accelerated with the electron cluster to very high MeV energies using electrical potentials of only a few thousand volts. This process of accelerating a small number of positive ions attached to a large cluster of electrons has been shown to be capable of delivering the extremely high kinetic energies necessary to cause fusion in a more conventional high velocity impact interaction. However, this does not appear to be the case with Passive Inertial Confinement and Sonofusion processes....
The possibility also exists that the individual electrons involved in EV production are undergoing a collapse to a fractional quantum state well below their normal, ground state energy. The reported existence of fractional, harmonic states of both the electron and hydrogen (labeled the electrino and Hydrino) would seem to support this radical assertion. This thought will be pursued further in context of the new Hydreno atomic model.....
Regarding Negentropy (Negative Entropy)
The anomalous energetics of hydroxy gas combustion and a growing number of other over-unity energy systems clearly indicates that new energy sources can conceivably be engineered to utilize such transient matter-vacuum interactions to continually extract energy from the chaotic vacuum on a cyclic basis using a variety of coherence phenomena, in all manner of material systems and processes. The primary reason that such devices are not already widely distributed, is the general resistance to the notion of extracting energy from the apparent “nothingness” of space, seemingly contradicting the First law regarding conservation of energy law. However, it should be realized, that on the Universal scale, (as yet unobservable) energy is certainly being conserved in keeping with the First law. ZPE coherence phenomenon also appear to contradict the Second law of thermodynamics in that energy becomes organized with an attendant decrease in entropy, but again this only applies to closed systems, which in reality is never the case anyhow. A growing list of such negative entropy, coherence phenomenon are said to exhibit Negentropy. These Negentropic processes are actually quite prevalent in nature especially in living systems but also in a wide variety of more mundane circumstances....
Fundamentally, matter appears to be just highly organized, low entropy energy, which by nature organizes the random energy of the vacuum giving rise to many familiar, but as yet unexplained coherence phenomenon including for instance gravitation and inertia. Transient states of the matter - vacuum interaction can theoretically be engineered to alter inertia and gravity so as to produce novel methods of Field Effect propulsion, that do not require a material reaction medium. The organized energy of matter is effectively replaced with the directly engineered, vectored coherence of the random ZPE of space. This of course plays havoc with Newton’s Third law of motion, in that momentum is not being conserved by the material system, but again, from the larger reference frame, momentum is conserved by the “virtual” mass of the immaterial ZPF....
Application of such an approach would render rocket and jet propulsion systems obsolete and make interstellar space flight and anti-gravity systems a practical reality. It is no stretch of the imagination to speculate that Quantum Vacuum Physicists and QVaC Engineers will certainly develop these systems within the next decade. Engineers generally prefer to avoid the unpredictable nature of system transients, applying liberal fudge factors and margins of error to avoid the difficulties of complex modeling and analysis. In contrast, QVaC engineers of the near future will seek to enhance and capitalize on the rapid cycling, of non-linear transients in order to efficiently pump energy from the incoherent vacuum flux. This is already being accomplished in wide variety of devices such as is the Motionless Electromagnetic generator (MEG) of Beardon and associates....
On a more familiar front, the ability of matter to organize the visible light spectrum to transmit vast amounts of visual information with respect to color, texture and shape is an obvious, though frequently overlooked manifestation of a negentropic interaction between matter and random light energy, which in reality may be considered a small portion of the ZPF spectrum. It should however, be emphasized that this natural tendency of matter to organize the vacuum flux, does not diminish the need of a root cause to bring the original material order out of the relative chaos of the formless vacuum. The absolute need for a previously existent, master directive is not diminished in the slightest, despite vain assertions to the contrary. The incredible complexity and order in the Universe could simply not arise from pure unguided chaos....
© 2006, Mark Porringa
The Lattice Nested Hydreno Atomic Model
(Sample Portions From The eBook)
Regarding Zero-Point Energy
It is a peculiar prediction of Quantum field theory that the vacuum of space, generally perceived to be an empty void, is in fact full of a random flux of electromagnetic waves that theoretically includes all frequencies ranging up to the incredibly high Planck frequency at 1043 cycles/sec with a wave length of 10-35 m. To help put this in perspective, very little is presently known of the EM spectrum above cosmic rays at 1022 Hz, implying that virtually nothing is known about the vast range of the spectrum. Add to this the fact, that the energy per photon pulse is directly proportional to the frequency and one can begin to realize the astronomical energy potential of the vacuum....
This all pervasive, “dark” energy of space, frequently referred to as the Zero-Point Energy (ZPE) of the Vacuum Fluctuations, is an important but frequently ignored aspect of Quantum mechanics. It must be accounted for in the math, but is still generally dismissed as an odd artifact of the theory, rather than a real phenomenon. Advanced quantum theorists such as Boyer[14] have recently entertained the idea that this stochastic bombardment of the ZPE radiation is responsible for the quantum “jitter” or Zietterbewegung, of all atoms that persists at absolute zero where classical physics would tell us that no such motion should occur....
Remarkably, when one considers the accumulated minuscule energies at all discreet frequencies, directions and polarities passing through even a small volume of space, it has been estimated by the likes of Nobel Laureate, R. Feynman that the energy density actually exceeds that of the nucleus by no slight margin. Even discounting such dramatic hyperbola one is still left to wonder how we could possibly exist in this seething sea of universal energy and not even be aware of it. Trying to take measurements of the ZPE has been likened to attempting to weigh a beaker of water while the entire lab is submerged. The only existing method of detection requires a localized coherence of this otherwise homogenous energy....
Regarding The Casimir Effect
The Casimir effect was first theorized in 1948 in a thought experiment proposed by H. B. Casimir, based in large part on Max Planck’s Quantum theory and the reality of the ZPF. He reasoned that two conductive or dielectric plates brought sufficiently close together will be forced together due to the wave-particle nature of EM radiation, which imparts a small impulse force when reflected or absorbed. The narrow space between the plates shields out the longer wavelengths while the entire ZPF spectrum continues to impinge on the outside surfaces creating an imbalanced force, driving the plates together. Dr. Milonni[15] of Los Alamos Laboratories has recently provided a detailed interpretation of the Casimir effect in terms of this net radiation pressure from the vacuum....
The direct measurement of the Casimir force ( Fc=p2hcA/240d4 ) has been performed on several occasions, first by Sparnaay in 1958 and most recently in 1998 by Mohideen[16]. Using an atomic force microscope, Mohideen’s measurements where found to be within 1% of Casimir’s theoretical prediction. One will note that this force increases very rapidly in proportion to the inverse of the forth power of the distance between the plates. Decreasing the spacing by a factor of 10, increases the force by a factor of 10,000. The detectable onset occurs at a rather miniscule plate separation of roughly 1 micron....
A Simple extrapolation of this force down to the separation distance of bonded atoms in the range of 10-9 to 10-10 m yields an astounding Casimir pressure of 106 to 1010 kPa, providing values tantalizing close to the ultimate strength of many metals and Young’s modulus. This would not appear to be a coincidence, providing a far more logical and intuitive mechanism for atomic and molecular bonds. Extrapolating even further to the dimension of bonded nucleons, generally conceded to be in the order of 10-15 m, (to be contested) yields an astronomical radiation pressure of 1030 kPa, which seems rather absurd but certainly sufficient to hold the nucleus together against the coulomb repulsion of the protons....
Regarding Sonoluminescence
The emerging field of Sonoluminescence deals with the production of mysterious high intensity, pico frequency light pulses which are known to accompany the collapse of cavitation bubbles driven by ultrasonic waves in a dielectric fluid such as water. The source of these high-energy pulses which can vaporize metal with temperatures exceeding 106 °K are not adequately explained by conventional thermodynamics. World renowned physicist, J. Schwinger[18] of UCLA, has suggested that the effect is due to a coherence of ZPE from the active vacuum. This process of cavitation bubble collapse appears in fact to be a special case of the Casimir effect. The dielectric bubble simply replaces the metal plates of Casimir’s original thought experiment....
The net result of the ZPF in this case is directed radially inward, and as the bubble collapses in response to this force, more and more vacuum frequencies are excluded from the shrinking resonant micro-cavity, causing the net imbalance of radiation pressure to rapidly escalate, culminating in a high energy impact of the bubble wall as it collapses on itself. This action yields intense bursts of energy emanating from a radial, implosive coherence of the random energy of the vacuum. The Sonofusion process just recently reported at ORNL utilizes sonoluminescence to fuse deuterium dissolved in acetone. The familiar, but very mysterious phenomenon of cavitation, which can very quickly destroy stainless steel pump impellers, can likewise be accounted for as a minor coherence of ZPE that literally melts the metal....
Regarding Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics
Microscopic cavities also appear to play a major role in many low energy induced fusion reactions and by implication are an important factor in the stability of the atom. It is for instance well established within the field of Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) that the spontaneous emission of an excited atom, once thought to be an immutable property, can be prevented from returning to its ground state by surrounding it with a microscopic, metallic cavity, only a few microns wide. Atoms have been sustained in an excited state for very extended periods of time because they can neither radiate, nor receive certain wavelengths from the seething vacuum flux. As is the case with the Casimir effect, the longer wavelengths cannot exist inside the cavity....
Puthoff[20] and Tewari[21] as well as others have suggested that it is the energy input from the vacuum that actually sustains the electrons orbit. The electron, presumed to be a charged particle in accelerated motion, should radiate its energy away, and collapse onto the nucleus according to basic EM theory. This obvious fact was simply ignored by Bohr, as clearly stated in his postulates, and rather blindly adopted in Quantum mechanics. Making the cavity small enough and of a very definitive size corresponding to critical wavelengths of the vacuum ZPE can also greatly reduce the spontaneous emission time, actually encouraging collapse of the electron orbital to a fractional quantum, harmonic state below the normal ground state....
Ever smaller “plates” and cavities, could by extrapolation to the atomic and nuclear scale, conceivably include systems composed of individual atoms, nuclei and even sub atomic particles implying the ability to alter other spontaneous processes of the atom. Conceivably, this could include fission, nuclear decay and all of their related radiation phenomena, not to mention shedding much light on the actual mechanisms of bonding from the molecular to the sub-nuclear level....
Regarding High Density Charge Clusters
Dr. Puthoff’s group has been studying Condensed Charge phenomenon for over 20 years. This work deals primarily with the production and behavior of what is referred to as an Electron Valudum (large electron) or EV’s. An EV is a condensed cluster of electrons ~1 micron in diameter, consisting of up to 1011 electrons, generally formed by high voltage discharge plasmas above a certain critical electron flux density. An EV is essentially a peculiar form of condensed matter implying some rather enigmatic properties of the electron. Its existence of course runs contrary to logic, in that mutual coulomb repulsion should theoretically prevent its formation, yet it is very easy to produce, and would have to be regarded as a natural phenomenon.....
During the development of the electron beam weapons of the “Star Wars” program, Engineers encountered problems with beam collapse, rather than the anticipated problem of diffusion; entirely contrary to their logical expectations, but in complete agreement with Puthoff’s prediction. Invariably, EV’s also contain a relatively small number of positive Ions that can be accelerated with the electron cluster to very high MeV energies using electrical potentials of only a few thousand volts. This process of accelerating a small number of positive ions attached to a large cluster of electrons has been shown to be capable of delivering the extremely high kinetic energies necessary to cause fusion in a more conventional high velocity impact interaction. However, this does not appear to be the case with Passive Inertial Confinement and Sonofusion processes....
The possibility also exists that the individual electrons involved in EV production are undergoing a collapse to a fractional quantum state well below their normal, ground state energy. The reported existence of fractional, harmonic states of both the electron and hydrogen (labeled the electrino and Hydrino) would seem to support this radical assertion. This thought will be pursued further in context of the new Hydreno atomic model.....
Regarding Negentropy (Negative Entropy)
The anomalous energetics of hydroxy gas combustion and a growing number of other over-unity energy systems clearly indicates that new energy sources can conceivably be engineered to utilize such transient matter-vacuum interactions to continually extract energy from the chaotic vacuum on a cyclic basis using a variety of coherence phenomena, in all manner of material systems and processes. The primary reason that such devices are not already widely distributed, is the general resistance to the notion of extracting energy from the apparent “nothingness” of space, seemingly contradicting the First law regarding conservation of energy law. However, it should be realized, that on the Universal scale, (as yet unobservable) energy is certainly being conserved in keeping with the First law. ZPE coherence phenomenon also appear to contradict the Second law of thermodynamics in that energy becomes organized with an attendant decrease in entropy, but again this only applies to closed systems, which in reality is never the case anyhow. A growing list of such negative entropy, coherence phenomenon are said to exhibit Negentropy. These Negentropic processes are actually quite prevalent in nature especially in living systems but also in a wide variety of more mundane circumstances....
Fundamentally, matter appears to be just highly organized, low entropy energy, which by nature organizes the random energy of the vacuum giving rise to many familiar, but as yet unexplained coherence phenomenon including for instance gravitation and inertia. Transient states of the matter - vacuum interaction can theoretically be engineered to alter inertia and gravity so as to produce novel methods of Field Effect propulsion, that do not require a material reaction medium. The organized energy of matter is effectively replaced with the directly engineered, vectored coherence of the random ZPE of space. This of course plays havoc with Newton’s Third law of motion, in that momentum is not being conserved by the material system, but again, from the larger reference frame, momentum is conserved by the “virtual” mass of the immaterial ZPF....
Application of such an approach would render rocket and jet propulsion systems obsolete and make interstellar space flight and anti-gravity systems a practical reality. It is no stretch of the imagination to speculate that Quantum Vacuum Physicists and QVaC Engineers will certainly develop these systems within the next decade. Engineers generally prefer to avoid the unpredictable nature of system transients, applying liberal fudge factors and margins of error to avoid the difficulties of complex modeling and analysis. In contrast, QVaC engineers of the near future will seek to enhance and capitalize on the rapid cycling, of non-linear transients in order to efficiently pump energy from the incoherent vacuum flux. This is already being accomplished in wide variety of devices such as is the Motionless Electromagnetic generator (MEG) of Beardon and associates....
On a more familiar front, the ability of matter to organize the visible light spectrum to transmit vast amounts of visual information with respect to color, texture and shape is an obvious, though frequently overlooked manifestation of a negentropic interaction between matter and random light energy, which in reality may be considered a small portion of the ZPF spectrum. It should however, be emphasized that this natural tendency of matter to organize the vacuum flux, does not diminish the need of a root cause to bring the original material order out of the relative chaos of the formless vacuum. The absolute need for a previously existent, master directive is not diminished in the slightest, despite vain assertions to the contrary. The incredible complexity and order in the Universe could simply not arise from pure unguided chaos....
© 2006, Mark Porringa
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Neutron Tetracores
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(Updated Sept 5/06)
Cadmium Nucleus